Anthropogenic noise in the ocean has received considerable attention in recent years. Observational and manipulative experiments have provided insights into impacts of noise on animals as well as, in some cases, a lack of effects. The study of anthropogenic noise in the ocean has matured considerably, in part due to lessons learned and new tools developed for assessing similar issues in terrestrial systems. In considering the recent progress in this rapidly expanding field, this Open Access Theme Section highlights studies that explore both the increasing understanding of effects of noise on animals and some of the practical and regulatory human dimensions of this subject. The study of potential effects on animals has matured experimentally and theoretically, with careful experiments addressing specific questions and emerging issues related to the development of new areas and new industries. Furthermore, advances in sophisticated modelling methods of sound footprints and noise exposure over increasingly large spatio-temporal areas are facilitating the advancement of theory. Our appreciation of the human dimension of this issue has also developed, with practical considerations for the application of emerging science in regulatory policy. Many of these realizations that are explored within this Theme Section involve a broadening of the taxonomic and ecological scope of potential effects, as well as synoptic measurements and assessment of non-traditional variables (e.g. noise exposure context). This Theme Section fits squarely within ESR’s mission to provide knowledge needed for practicing human stewardship, in this case stewardship of the oceans. And while not all of the species discussed are threatened or endangered, the marine habitat is threatened and thus so are the creatures that exist and rely on it. We envision this Theme Section to inform regional, national and international conservation strategies aimed at understanding and managing anthropogenic noise in the ocean. Through various fora, stakeholders in this issue include: noise producers, regulators, conservation organizations, academic and private sector scientists, and society at large. This issue attempts to encapsulate issues relevant to all of these stakeholders within the overall context of science and management of ocean noise.