Social equity in governance of ecosystem services: synthesis from European treeline areas
Simo Sarkki1,2,*, Mikko Jokinen3, Maria Nijnik4, Lyudmyla Zahvoyska5, Eleni M. Abraham6, Concepción L. Alados7, Chloe Bellamy8, Svetla Bratanova-Dontcheva9, Karsten Grunewald10, Jozef Kollar11, Ján Krajčí12, Apostolos P. Kyriazopoulos13, Nicola La Porta14,15, Antonio T. Monteiro16, Jose Munoz-Rojas4, Taras Parpan17, Louise Sing8, Mike Smith8, Marja-Liisa Sutinen18,†, Anne Tolvanen19, Tetiana Zhyla5
1Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, PO Box 1000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
2Thule Institute, PO Box 7300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
3Natural Resources Institute Finland, Kolari Office, Muoniontie 21 A, 95900 Kolari, Finland
4The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
5Institute of Ecological Economics, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Generala Chuprynky Str. 103, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine
6Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki (236), Greece
7IPE-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
8Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, United Kingdom
9Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Ecosystem Research Division, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
10Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) e.V., Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, Germany
11Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Štefánikova 3, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
12Trstené 59, 032 21 Bobrovec, Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovak Republic
13Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, 193 Pantazidoustr., 68200 Orestiada, Greece
14Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
15MOUNTFOR Project Centre, European Forest Institute (EFI), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
16Research Center on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
17Ukrainian Research Institute of Mountain Forestry, 31 Hrushevskoho Street, 76018 Ivano-Frankivs’k, Ukraine
18Natural Resources Institute Finland, Eteläranta 55, 96300 Rovaniemi, Finland
19Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570 Oulu, Finland
ABSTRACT: Achieving social equity among local stakeholders should be a key objective for ecosystem service (ES) governance in Europe’s ecologically fragile treeline areas. The ES literature tends to be biased towards distributional equity and market-based instruments when assessing social equity of ES governance. In this study, we analyze a wide range of social equity procedures that have been applied in Europe, using 11 synthesized case studies of governance-related challenges and 75 proposals for governance enhancement from 8 European countries provided by researchers with expertise on treeline area governance. The proposals were grouped by inductive clustering into 10 procedural or distributional equity-related policy recommendations: (1) increase stakeholder collaboration, (2) balance interactions between horizontal and vertical governance levels, (3) increase ES education, (4) use science to guide decisions, (5) start collaboration at an early stage, (6) enhance transparency, (7) aim to mitigate negative impacts, (8) use an ES approach to identify synergistic goals for governance, (9) enhance balanced multi-functional land use, and (10) use market-based instruments to balance benefits and costs deriving from governance decisions. Finally, we discuss 5 more general proposals on how regulatory and market-based approaches could be linked to enhance both procedural and distributional equity of treeline area governance.
KEY WORDS: Governance of ecosystem service · Stakeholders · Land use · Climate change · Social equity · Multifunctional landscapes · Altitudinal/latitudinal treeline